A B S T R A C T Sustainability in horticulture products depends on economic, social and environmental factors. Knowing these factors' sustainability levels can be effective in formulating Sustainable horticulture development strategies and their effect on the Sustainable livelihood of the user family. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the sustainability of horticulture products and their role in the livelihood of the beneficiary households in the villages of the central part of Bandar Gaz city. The required information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was obtained based on the opinion of relevant experts and the reliability of which was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89. The statistical population of this research includes garden operators in three villages of Eastern Gaz, Western Gaz and Val Afra, which was calculated using Cochran's formula as a sample size of 250. A random sampling method was used to select research samples. To measure the sustainability of garden products, 45 indicators were used, separated by economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and 53 indicators were used, separated by economic, social, human, and environmental dimensions, to measure the Sustainable livelihood of the beneficiary household. According to the Spearman test, horticulture products' economic, social and environmental sustainability is effective in the Sustainable livelihood of the user family. The Kruskal-Wallis test results indicate that the beneficiaries' Sustainable livelihoods in the three studied villages have a significant difference up to the 99% confidence level. The results of the one-way independent variance analysis test on the cultivated area of three villages and horticulture income in three villages also stated a significant difference in these three factors up to the 99% level. Extended Abstract Introduction The most critical challenge in the world today is food security and providing essential human needs. The lack of balance between population growth and agricultural production has made developing countries face a serious challenge. Sustainable agriculture is an approach that meets human needs without harming the environment and uses natural resources better. Sustainable horticulture is a type of agriculture that is in the direction of human benefits, is more efficient in the use of resources, and is in balance with the environment. Horticulture activity in the category of Sustainable agricultural development, considering its nature and the positive aspects that govern this activity, in case of proper management, is superior in terms of not disrupting the ecological balance or at least due to little damage compared to agriculture. In fact, the benefits that can be listed for horticultural activities in order to achieve Sustainable agricultural development compared to agriculture are food supply and welfare facilities, storage and meeting the needs of other plants, growing crops under the shelter of trees, soil protection and green cover, air conditioning and increase of atmospheric precipitation, less consumption of chemical fertilizers and preservation of plant genetic resources. A Sustainable livelihood strategy is one of the new strategies that can help the villagers' problems. The Sustainable livelihood approach was proposed in the 1980s as a new approach to rural development to reduce and eradicate rural poverty. Livelihood is Sustainable when it can withstand unexpected pressures and damages and restore itself and improve its capabilities and capital in the future without harming natural resources. The main problem of the research is, what is the state of sustainability of the garden products system in the central villages of Bandar Gaz city? We are also trying to find out what effect the sustainability of garden products can have on the Sustainable livelihood of rural households. Bandar Gaz is one of the Golestan province's cities, located in the southeastern part of Gorgan. In terms of longitude and latitude, it is located between 53 degrees and 51 minutes to 54 degrees and 3 minutes of east longitude and 36 degrees and 39 minutes to 36 degrees and 49 minutes of north latitude. Bandar Gaz has a population of 20,742 people in 6,715 households, according to 2016.   Methodology This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical and survey method, carried out in the 2018-2019 crop year. The main tools for data collection were questionnaires, observations and interviews. The statistical population of the research consists of 715 users of horticultural products. A random sampling method was exerted to select the samples, and 250 samples were selected based on Cochran's formula.   Results and discussion The Kruskal-Wallis test was exerted to investigate and compare the household's Sustainable livelihood level using gardens in the studied villages so that the results show a significant difference of 99%, 95% and 90% in the variables. The results show that the level of Sustainable livelihood is different in the three villages, so based on the results, the level of sustainability of horticultural products is also different in these three villages.   Conclusion The efficiency of horticultural work for support and investment in the village of East Gaz is more than the other two villages. The ability to buy housing, the amount of meeting health needs, the amount of willingness to migrate, and the amount of unemployed and employed people are more in West Gaz village. However, regarding the village's up-to-date architecture and the village houses' strength, there is a more favorable situation in the village of Eastern Gaz. The results of one-way analysis of variance ANOVA indicate a significant difference between the garden income of three villages among the examined components up to the 99% level.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

توسعه سریع شهری، در چند دهه معاصر از ابعاد مختلف اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی، سیاسی، محیطی و... زندگی بشر را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. مطرح شدن توسعه پایدار، به عنوان شعار اصلی هزاره سوم نیز ناشی از اثرات شهرها بر گستره زیست کره و ابعاد مختلف زندگی انسانی است. بدون شک بحث از پایداری و توسعه پایدار بدون توجه به شهرها و شهرنشینی بی معنی خواهد بود. شهرها به عنوان عامل اصلی ایجادکننده ناپایداری در جهان به شمار می روند و در واقع پایداری شهری و پایداری جهانی هر دو مفهومی واحد هستند. بر این اساس با توجه به پیچیدگی ذاتی شهرها و ابعاد مختلف تاثیرگذاری آنها، شناخت عوامل اصلی و کلیدی در جهت دست یابی به پایداری شهری، ضروری به نظر می رسد. در این نوشتار سعی شده است برخی از شاخص های تعیین کننده در بحث پایداری شهری از دیدگاه نویسندگان ارایه شود.

ناکامی ها در دستیابی به اهداف توسعه پایدار در توسعه های شهری در دهه های اخیر موجب تغییر رویکرد برنامه ریزان به سطح محلی گردیده است و اطلاع از وضعیت پایداری محلات گونه های بافت شهری می تواند نقشی مؤثر در برنامه ریزی ها و جهت گیری های توسعه پایداری داشته باشد لذا این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی با هدف تحلیل وضعیت شاخص های توسعه پایدار و پایداری محلات واقع در بافت های گوناگون شهر مهاباد از حیث چهار نوع بافت قدیمی، میانی، بافت جدید و اسکان غیررسمی بر مبنای 5 شاخص اصلی (کالبدی، اجتماعی-فرهنگی، اقتصادی، خدماتی و زیست محیطی) و 44 شاخص فرعی مستخرج، صورت گرفته که شاخص های اصلی به عنوان متغیر اصلی و پایداری محلات به عنوان متغیر وابسته در نظر گرفته شده و آزمون پیرسون و تحلیل واریانس داده های بی مقیاس در محیط Spss و Excel نشان می دهد که بین سه شاخص اقتصادی، کالبدی و خدماتی، با شاخص تلفیقی همبستگی و رابطه معنی دار وجود داشته و همچنین تحلیل مسیر در نرم افزارAmos حاکی از ارتباط و تأثیر مستقیم و غیرمستقیم سه متغیر اصلی (شاخص های خدماتی، اقتصادی، کالبدی) بر روی متغیر وابسته پایداری محلات بوده است سپس بر اساس مدل موریس محلات موردمطالعه رتبه بندی شده و نتایج مشخص می سازد رتبه محلات شکل گرفته در بافت میانی و قدیمی به دلیل نزدیکی به مرکز شهر و برخورداری بهتر، مطلوب تر و رتبه محلات جدید و اسکان غیررسمی که در دهه های اخیر توسعه یافته اند در رتبه های پایین تری از لحاظ مقایسه قرارگرفته اند.

شاخص های توسعه، عمده ترین معیار برای هدفگذاری، برنامه ریزی و ارزشیابی طرح های توسعه روستایی به شمار می آیند. با بهره گیری از این معیارها می توان میزان پیشرفت و یا تاثیر طرح ها و پروژه های توسعه روستایی را در رسیدن به اهداف ارزیابی نمود. خلا موجود در این زمینه باعث گردیده است تا تدوین برنامه های توسعه به  دور از شاخص های دقیق و مناسب انجام گیرد و هدفگذاری برنامه ها و ارزیابی آنها با مشکل مواجه شوند. از این رو، این مقاله در صدد است به تدوین و اعتبار سنجی شاخص های توسعه پایدار روستایی در ایران بپردازد تا برنامه ریزان و محققان توسعه روستایی بتوانند در مطالعات مسایل روستایی یا ارزیابی پروژه های روستایی از این شاخص ها که به تایید کارشناسان مسایل روستایی رسیده است، استفاده کنند. از این رو، 112 شاخص در سه بعد اجتماعی- زیرساختی (55 شاخص)، اقتصادی (33 شاخص) و زیست- محیطی (24 شاخص) تدوین و از طریق پرسشنامه در معرض قضاوت و داوری 63 نفر از متخصصان دانشگاهی و سازمان های اجرایی قرار گرفت. برای اعتبار سنجی و دستیابی به اجماع نظر متخصصان علاوه بر آماره های میانگین و انحراف معیار از آزمون های ضریب تغییرات و من ویتنی استفاده شد. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که از مجموع 112 شاخص مورد بررسی، 98 شاخص از نظر کارشناسان به عنوان شاخص های مناسب برای برنامه ریزی روستایی در شرایط ایران شناسایی شدند که از این تعداد 45 شاخص به بعد اجتماعی و زیرساختی، 31 شاخص به بعد اقتصادی و 22 شاخص نیز به بعد زیست محیطی توسعه روستایی تعلق دارند. 

مفهوم پایداری در صنعت گردشگری، طی چند دهه گذشته یکی از اصلی ترین و در عین حال مباحثه انگیزترین مفاهیم توسعه گردشگری و به عنوان چارچوبی برای فهم روندهای توسعه اقتصادی - اجتماعی و مدیریت منابع طبیعی و گردشگری در سراسر جهان مطرح شده است. این در حالی است که از یک سو پیچیده و غامض بودن این مفهوم و از سوی دیگر نحوه عملیاتی کردن و اندازه گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری در صنعت گردشگری، آن شاخص ها و معرف های دقیق و جامعی که بتواند با در نظرگرفتن همه جوانب، پایداری گردشگری را اندازه گیری کند و توسعه پایدار گردشگری را میسر سازد، ضروری به نظر می رسد. از سوی دیگر در وضعیت کنونی گردشگری روستایی کشور و با توجه به جوان بودن بسیاری از مقاصد گردشگری روستایی، ضرورت در اختیار داشتن مجموعه ای مناسب از شاخص های توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی بومی شده برای ارزیابی وضعیت و ترسیم مسیر آینده، امری بسیار حیاتی و راهبردی تلقی می شود. چراکه به باور بسیاری از دانشمندان «اطلاعات خوب پایداری»، زمینه ساز تصمیم سازی و برنامه ریزی بهینه برای پیشرفت در مسیر توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی در آینده خواهد بود. از این رو در مقاله حاضر نیز پرسش اصلی تحقیق این بوده است که شاخص ها و معیارهای مناسب برای اندازه گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری توسعه گردشگری روستایی کشور کدام اند؟ و چه فرآیندی شاخص ها و معیارهای مناسب اندازه گیری پایداری توسعه گردشگری روستایی کشور را به دست می دهد؟ بدین منظور مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و پیمایش و نظرخواهی از استادان، خبرگان و متخصصان امر به شیوه دلفی به ارایه شاخص ها و معیارهای مناسب (بومی شده) برای اندازه گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری گردشگری در ایران پرداخته است. بر اساس یافته های تحقیق در مجموع تعداد 80 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری گردشگری روستایی به دست آمده که از این تعداد 22 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری اجتماعی، تعداد 24 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری اقتصادی و تعداد 34 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری محیطی گردشگری روستایی بوده که مناسب با ساختار روستاهای ایران و سازگار با محیط روستاهاست.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to Sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of Sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the Sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to Sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of Sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of Sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific